Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions

abs(x) computes the absolute value of x, sqrt(x) computes the (principal) square root of x, \(\sqrt{x}\).

The naming follows the standard for computer languages such as C or Fortran.

Usage

# S3 method for default
sqrt(x)

# S3 method for default
abs(x)

Arguments

x

a numeric or complex vector or array.

Details

These are internal generic primitive functions: methods can be defined for them individually or via the Math group generic. For complex arguments (and the default method), z, abs(z) == Mod(z) and sqrt(z) == z^0.5.

abs(x) returns an integer vector when x is integer or logical.

See also

base::sqrt()

base::abs()

Author

R core team and contributors

Examples

require(stats) # for spline
require(graphics)
xx <- -9:9
plot(xx, sqrt(abs(xx)),  col = "red")
lines(spline(xx, sqrt(abs(xx)), n=101), col = "pink")